The figure shows an inclined plane on the right end of a prismatic bar. The shear stress tau subscript n t is directed downwards along the inclined plane. The normal stress sigma subscript n is directed perpendicular to the inclined surface and it is at an angle theta with the horizontal.

As different angles are investigated, various combinations of normal stress σn and shear stress τnt are found to be acting on the plane surface. These combinations of σ and τ are present internally in the material even though the bar is simply an axial member subjected to a normal force.

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