Four points j k prime m prime n form a parallelogram on a grid system. The length of each side is d x.

While we have shown shear stress acting along the edge of a flat stress element, we must keep in mind that the shear stress actually exists on a surface. Furthermore, shear stress is always present on mutually perpendicular surfaces. Shear stress on a cross-sectional surface is always accompanied by an equal magnitude shear stress acting on a longitudinal surface.