Ultimate Strength and Fracture  
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Recall that the normal stress in the specimen was computed by dividing the specimen load by the original cross-sectional area. This method of calculating stresses is known as engineering stress. Engineering stress doesn't take into account any changes in the specimen cross-sectional area during application of the load.

The graph plots stress in p s i versus strain in inch per inch for low carbon steel. The vertical axis ranges from 0 to 80,000 and the horizontal axis ranges from 0 to 0.3. The graph starts at the origin, shoots vertically up to the point (0, 47,000) on the vertical axis, goes horizontally to the right till (0.05, 47,000), goes up and to the right with approximately constant steepness till (0.21, 69,000), reaches at maximum at (0.23, 70,000) which is marked ultimate strength, goes down and to the right till (0.3, 60,000) and ends. The portion of the graph between the points (0.05, 47,000) and (0.23, 70,000) is labeled strain hardening. The portion of the graph between the points (0.23, 70,000) and (0.3, 60,000) is labeled necking and the stress corresponding to this portion is labeled fracture stress.
The graph plots stress in p s i versus the strain in inch per inch for aluminum alloy. The vertical axis ranges from 0 to 80,000 p s i and the horizontal axis ranges from 0 to 0.25. The graph starts from the bottom left of the viewing window at the origin, goes up and to the right with very high steepness till the point (0.01, 60,000). The graph then goes up and to the right with constant steepness till (0.13, 74,000) which is marked ultimate strength. The graph then goes down and to the right with approximately constant steepness till (0.24, 68,000) which is marked fracture stress and ends. The portion of the graph between (0.01, 60,000) and (0.13, 74,000) is labeled strain hardening and the portion of the graph between (0.13, 74,000) and (0.24, 68,000) is labeled necking.